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Carnival ((オランダ語:Carnaval); also called "vastenavond" – eve of the fasting or (リンブルフ語:"vastelaovend")) is an originally Pagan European spring festival, with an emphasis on role-reversal and suspension of social norms. The feast became assimilated by the Catholic Church and is celebrated in the three days preceding the Christian holidays of Ash Wednesday and Lent.〔 From an anthropological point of view, Carnaval is a reversal ritual, in which social roles are reversed and norms about desired behavior are suspended.〔 Winter was thought of as the reign of the winter spirits that were to be driven out for the summer to return. Carnaval can thus be regarded as a rite of passage from darkness to light, from winter to summer: a fertility celebration, the first spring festival of the new year.〔(Vitaberna ). Jansimons.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.〕 In modern times the connection with religion has disappeared, though its date is still set before the start of the Christian feast of Lent. Also the core of the modern Carnaval has maintained its socially critical function by role reversal and temporary abandonment of social norms. The first day of Carnaval is six weeks before Easter Sunday. Carnaval officially begins on Sunday and lasts three days.〔 Normal daily life comes to a stop for about a week in the southern part of the Netherlands during the Carnaval, with roads temporary blocked and many local businesses closed for the week as a result of employees who are en masse taking the days off during and the days after the Carnaval. Though according to tradition the feast lasts from Sunday until Tuesday. In recent years the feast usually starts on Saturday. Also Friday evening (or at schools at Friday afternoon) and in some places Thursday (''Ouwe Wijven'') are considered the start of Carnaval, which makes it a six days celebration. The festivities last the entire day and well into the nights. Some parades and many balls and ''bonte avonden'' or other meetings are held in the weeks before the official Carnaval, but never before the first official court meeting on 11 November. Historically the 40 days of Lent would start on Wednesday at midnight and continue until Easter. Nowadays it is still the official ending of Carnaval, though some Carnaval activities such as herring eating are traditionally held on Wednesday after Carnaval. Lent itself is generally not practiced anymore by the Southern Dutch population as a result of irreligion dominating the area nowadays.〔 ==Name Origin== The oldest word which points in the direction of the word Carnaval, is listed on a certificate from the Italian Subiaco from 965 CE as a timestamp ''Carnelevare''. Also known from the 13th century are the words ''Carnisprivialis'', ''Carnis Privium'' and in an old Liège text the term ''Quarnivalle''.〔 The origin can be traced to the Latin expression ''Carne Levare'', or Italian ''Carne lavare'' or ''Carnem levare'' which with reasonable certainty can be translated into "farewell to the flesh" or "taking away the flesh",〔(etymologiebank.nl ). etymologiebank.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.〕〔(Geschiedenis van carnaval | Omroep Brabant ). Omroepbrabant.nl (4 November 2008). Retrieved on 2015-05-13.〕 which was a ritual to prelude lent. Two other, less likely, explanations that the term would be a contraction of the Latin ''Carne'' (meat) and ''Paler'' (rule), literally "the time that meat reigns" and the Italian ''Carnueale'' or the French ''Carne Avalis'' (both mean so much as "devour flesh") are given as well.〔(Carnaval ). Meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.〕〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Carnival in the Netherlands」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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